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人教版高中政治必修3體味文化教案2篇
3、文化是人們的一種素養(yǎng)（1）人的文化素養(yǎng)是在社會生活、實踐中形成的。每個人所具有的文化素養(yǎng)，不是天生的，而是通過對社會生活的體驗，特別是通過參與文化生活、接受知識文化教育而逐步培養(yǎng)出來的。文化素養(yǎng)的形成，離不開生活、實踐和教育。人們在社會實踐中創(chuàng)造和發(fā)展文化，也在社會生活中獲得和享用文化。（2）人的文化素養(yǎng)表現(xiàn)在日常言行中。教師活動：引導學生閱讀教材7頁“公交車漫畫”材料，并思考所反映的問題學生活動：積極思考并討論問題教師點評：人們的精神活動離不開物質(zhì)活動，人們的文化素養(yǎng)總是要通過他在日常生活中的言行、在社會實踐活動中的表現(xiàn)等表現(xiàn)出來。我們通過觀察人們的社會行為，就可以從中透視人們的精神世界和精神生活。4、文化的傳承和發(fā)展離不開物質(zhì)載體。社會文化和精神產(chǎn)品離不開物質(zhì)載體，一個時代的文化和精神產(chǎn)品，往往是這一時代社會發(fā)展軌跡的反映。
人教版高中政治必修3我們的民族精神教案
2.弘揚和培育中華民族精神，是提高全民族綜合素質(zhì)的必然要求Why：（1）一個民族的發(fā)展也取決于民族的綜合素質(zhì)（2）民族精神是民族綜合素質(zhì)的有機組成和集中體現(xiàn)（3）高昂奮進的民族精神能產(chǎn)生巨大的力量，發(fā)揮不可估量的作用學生活動：你能舉出生活中民族素質(zhì)有待提高的事例嗎？試著分析一下如何解決。舉例：南京的市罵、中國公民在國外的隨地吐痰、亂扔亂丟現(xiàn)象。3.弘揚和培育中華民族精神，是不斷增強我國國際競爭力的要求Why：（1）文化在綜合國力的競爭中的地位和作用越來越突出（2）民族精神作為中華文化的精髓，具有凝聚和動員民族力量、展示民族形象的重要功能，已成為表明綜合國力強弱的至關重要的因素之一學生活動：“憶一憶”文化在綜合國力競爭中具有怎樣的意義？（P11、P22，關鍵詞：精神武器、深深熔鑄、重要標志、智力支持、方向保證、精神動力）
人教版高中政治必修3世界文化的多樣性教案
代中國人民的四大發(fā)明，古希臘人的哲學與藝術(shù)成就，占代印度人民在宗教和數(shù)學方面的成就等，都以其鮮明的民族特色}：富J，世界文化，共同推動了人類社會的進步和發(fā)展?？傊?，尊重和保存不同的民族文化，是人類生存和發(fā)展的基礎?！笳n堂探究：(1)對那些面臨失傳的占老民族文化，有人反對進行搶救和保護，認為應當順其自然地讓它們被歷史淘汰。你同意這種看法嗎?(2)你認為，我們還有哪些獨特的文化形式可以申報人類口述和非物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)?◇探究提示：(1)文化遺產(chǎn)是一個民族的“身份證”，從文化意義上標識出一個民族的個性和一個民族的歷史記憶。文化遺產(chǎn)是人類社會發(fā)展的見證，是人類文明的重要載體。文化遺產(chǎn)體現(xiàn)著一個民族獨特的思維方式和文化價值，是民族的根基，是歷史的紀念碑。文化遺產(chǎn)既屬于一個國家、一個民族，也是全人類的共同財富。文化遺產(chǎn)具有不可再生性的特點，所以對那些面臨失傳的古老民族文化，我們不能坐視不管，要進行及時有效地搶救和保護。
人教版高中政治必修3文化與經(jīng)濟、政治教案
另一方面，文化素質(zhì)影響公民政治權(quán)利的行使。隨著民主和法制建設的發(fā)展，人們?yōu)榱藚⑴c政治生活，需要更高的文化素養(yǎng)。文化水平提高了，人們受到的教育、接受的信息就越多，活動的領域就越廣，民主法制和權(quán)利意識就越強，這些都會影響人們的民主素質(zhì)和民主水平，使人們更好地進行政治參與，行使民主權(quán)利。(2)文化與國際政治相互交融，成為當代國際政治斗爭的重要內(nèi)容。隨著世界多極化的發(fā)展，奉行霸權(quán)主義的國家，借助文化滲透的方式，竭力推銷自己的價值觀念，企圖削弱和取代別國的民族文化，以推行強權(quán)政治。這使世界范圍內(nèi)反對文化霸權(quán)主義的斗爭，成為當代國際政治斗爭的重要內(nèi)容。文化已經(jīng)成為進行政治斗爭、國際斗爭的重要形式之一。對文化市場的爭奪不僅僅是爭奪票房價值、爭奪經(jīng)濟效益，更主要的是對受眾對象的爭奪，對受眾注意力這種特殊的稀缺資源的占有，以及在此基礎上對輿論的控制與引導。因此，失去文化市場就意味著失去政治優(yōu)勢，意味著政治影響力的邊緣化乃至萎縮或喪失。這一點，從目前世界正在進行的空前規(guī)模的“文化戰(zhàn)爭”，可以看得非常清楚。
人教版高中政治必修4意識的本質(zhì)精品教案
一、教材分析《意識的本質(zhì)》是人教版高中政治必修四第5章第1框的教學內(nèi)容，主要學習意識是客觀存在的反映。二、 教學目標1．知識目標：識記意識的本質(zhì)；理解意識是物質(zhì)世界長期發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物、意識是人腦的機能、意識是客觀存在的反映。2．能力目標：通過對意識起源和本質(zhì)的原理學習，使學生逐步確立辨證唯物注意的意識觀，具有正確認識意識現(xiàn)象、分辨物質(zhì)和意識的界限、把握二者之間辨證關系的能力。3．情感、態(tài)度和價值觀目標：牢固樹立物質(zhì)決定意識，意識對物質(zhì)具有反作用的思想觀點，堅定辨證唯物主義的信仰。三、教學重點難點意識的本質(zhì)四、學情分析本框題的內(nèi)容比較簡單，主要是為學習第二框意識的作用作鋪墊和準備的，所以，教師在講這節(jié)課時不要在具體內(nèi)容上花過多的時間。
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Discovering Useful Structure教案
（形容詞短語most beautiful的構(gòu)成形式為:副詞+形容詞，該短語在句中作定語修飾名詞bird）④A good friend is someone who makes you really happy.好朋友就是能讓你真正高興的人。（形容詞短語really happy的構(gòu)成形式為:副詞+形容詞，該短語在句中作賓語補足語）[即學即練]畫出下例句中的形容詞短語并指明構(gòu)成形式如:It is less cold today than it was yesterday.構(gòu)成形式: 副詞+形容詞（1）Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.（2）The road is long enough.（3）The medicine is good for stomach.三、副詞短語（Adverb Phrases）副詞短語:指以一個副詞為中心構(gòu)成的短語，在句中的功能相當于副詞，可以修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。常見副詞短語的構(gòu)成形式有:（副詞）+副詞如: much more beautifully①He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在這里工作。（副詞短語here yesterday修飾動詞did）②Bill did the work very well.比爾做的這份工作很好。副詞短語very well修飾動詞did③We are all entirely responsible for our action（副詞短語all entirely, 修飾形容詞短語responsible for）
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading and Thinking教案
【教材分析】The topic of this unit is about teenage life, which belongs to the theme context of “humans and oneself”.As teenagers who shoulder the responsibility of “Chinese great dream”, they must fully know themselves, including their strengths, weaknesses and challenges etc. They are supposed to improve themselves continuously and readily study their subjects, and thus foster their strategies and confidence in lifelong studies.This period is entitled the freshmen challenges, which mainly concerns some big challenges for new students in Senior high school. In this period, a teacher should lead students to find out what their challenges are and guide them to figure out how to crack the challenges and better themselves. More importantly, a teacher should instruct students to absorb new language points and appreciate the language. Besides, a teacher must instruct students to acquire some skills concerning reading efficiently and inspire them to talk more about their new school life, especially their new problems and solutions both at school and in life.【教學目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Enable students to acquire the basic usage of the new words and expressions concerning the freshmen challenges and learn to use them flexibly.2. Enable students to have a good understanding of the freshmen challenges in the new senior high school which is quite different from junior middle school.3. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning and individual thinking capability. 4. Develop students’ different learning skills to solve different reading comprehensive problems.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading for Writing教案
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with reading for writing a letter of advice. Students are expected to learn the knowledge about how to write a suggestion letter. The teacher is expected to enable students to master some writing skills concerning suggestion letters and learn to write one.【教學目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Get students to have a good understanding of how to write a suggestion letter properly.2. Enable students to use some writing skills flexibly.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.【教學重難點】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the skills of writing a suggestion letter2.How to enable students to write a good recommendation letter using some writing skills properly.【教學過程】Step 1: Lead in Begin the class with the lead-in questions: how to write a letter for advice? What kinds of aspects should be included? It is strongly recommended that the teacher should ask students to discuss the topic freely with their partners and brainstorm some ideas concerning the topic. In this way, students can come up with more ideas and avoid being nervous at the beginning of the class.Step 2: Read to discover details concerning advice letters’ writing style.The teacher is expected to ask students to read a letter offering some advice on page 18 silently and then request students to discuss the questions below.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading and Thinking教案
Good expressions that students can choose to use: help the travelers choose which tour to take1. In my opinion, you could/might choose…, because you prefer to…2. …could be a perfect choice for you, for…3. As far as I am concerned, you would enjoy…, for…4. …would probably suit you, because you enjoy/love/hate doing…Step 5 Passage ConsolidationLanguage appreciation:1. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 在接下來的三天里，您可以在當?shù)貙в蔚呐阃拢钊胗炅诌M行探索，欣賞雨林特有的動植物。本句主體結(jié)構(gòu)為spend some time doing sth. 2. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 印加的建筑工人將石頭切割成精確的尺寸，僅僅憑著石頭間的完美契合，即可穩(wěn)固墻體。本句為so that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句。nothing與the perfect fit為并列成分; other than在句中意為“除了”。Step 6 HomeworkSuppose you will travel to Peru, write a short essay about your three-day tour plan.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading for Writing教案
Is there a clear purpose for the trip? :Does each paragraph have a clear main idea? Does the writer use the present continuous tense for future plans?Does the writer use commas, stops, and question marks correctly? Are all the words spelt correctly?Are all the proper nouns capitalized?Revise your draft according to your partner's comments.Step 5:The summary of how to write a travel plan.旅游計劃是一種常見的應用文寫作。旅游可分為觀光游、文化游、美食游及探險游等不同類型，因此旅游計劃也要根據(jù)不同的旅游目的進行設計。常規(guī)的旅游計劃需要明確以下幾個方面的問題:Travel planWhen will you leave for？ Where is your the destination?How will you get there?What will you do there?How long will you there?Is there a clear purpose for the trip? 為了提升旅行計劃的層級，還需注意以下幾個方面的問題:1.每段是否有明確清晰的主題;2.用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；3.用更高級的形容詞詞匯。例如:表達“好”時，不要總用“nice”,我們還可以用“smart, clean, excellent, exciting, beautiful, wonderful, clever, famous, grand”等表達更具有指向性的詞匯；4.用更高級的動詞詞匯。比如:我們可以用“seem stand, lie .get stay, remain, look . sound, become . keep, grow”等代替"be";
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 3 Sports and Fitness-Reading and Thinking教案
2. Sort out detailed information about Michael Jordan.（1） Understand the transitional sentence.Q: Which part is about Michael Jordan as a master? Which part is about the example he set?（2） Have the Ss Focus on why Michael Jordan is a master and what good examples Michael Jordan set when they’re reading. And think about these questions as below:Q1: How does the author describe his impressive skills?Q2: How do you understand “time seemed to stand still”?Q3: What does “graceful” mean?Q4. Which sentence do you think best describes his mental strength?Q5. Which words is important in the sentence in describing his mental strength? Why?Q6: How do you understand “unique”?Q7: What can we learn from Michael Jordan?Step 5 Discussing and recommendingRecommend their own living legends of sports.Work in groups to choose your own living legend of sports and give the reasons of your choice. Step 6 HomeworkReview the stories of Lang Ping and Michael Jordan, and try to retell them.
新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Discovering Useful Structures教案
II Learn the technical terms-2.1. What can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and objective complement” in a sentence?2. What can be used as “adverbial” in a sentence?3. What can be used as “verb” in a sentence?Answers to questions 1-3:1. Nouns, pronouns and appellations can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and Objective Complement”. Besides, adjectives can be used as “Predicative and Objective Complement” in a sentence.2. Adverbs and prepositional phrases can be used as “Adverbial”.3. Verbs with actual meaning can be used as “Verb” in a sentence. Auxiliary verbs alone cannot be used as “Verb” in a sentence.III Learn to recognize the sentence structures.1. SV structure. For Example:(1) A bird flies.S V(2) A monkey jumps.S V(3) A fish swims.S V√ In SV structures, verbs are “intransitive verbs”.2. SVO structure. For Example:(1) A sheep eats grass.S V O(2) They like bananas.S V O(3) He wants candy.S V O√ In SVO structures, verbs are “transitive verbs”.3. SP structure. For Example:(1) This is great.S P (2) He looks well.S P (3) She became a teacher.S P √ In SP structures, Predicatives are formed by “l(fā)ink verbs” and “adjectives or nouns”.√ link verbs: be, become, grow, look, feel, taste, etc.4. SV IO DO structure. For Example:(1) He asked me a question.S V IO DO(2) Danny wrote me a letter.S V IO DO(3) Billy brought Sam a kite.S V IO DO√ In SV IO DO structures, the verbs are transitive and are followed by two objectives – pronouns or nouns as Indirect Objective, and nouns as Direct Objectives.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 4 Natural Disasters-Reading & Thinking教案
5. Read to get detailed information about Paragraph 5.Q1. What shows the revival of Tangshan?Q2. How can Tangshan revive itself and get up on its feet again?Q3. In times of disasters, how can we go through it?T: In times of disasters, we should unify, show the wisdom and stay positive.Step 4 Activity 4 Highlighting the theme and reflecting1. Make a summary of the text.2. Further understand the titleQ: After our learning, why do you think the earth didn’t sleep on that night?T: An earthquake happened. The people in the earthquake suffered a lot, and the people outside Tangshan were concerned about the people there a lot.3. Reflect through discussion on what can be learnt after reading.T: Disasters are powerful. Unpreparedness can be deadly. Life is weak, but if people work together to help each other, disasters can be defeated.There is no love from disaster, but we have love in the human heart.Step 5 Assignment How does the writer convey that the earthquake was deadly, and that people were helpless during the earthquake? Try to find some attractive and impressive expressions and note them down.
新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Discovering Useful Structures & Listening and Talking教案
常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, ask, hand, offer, give, lend, send, show, teach, tell, write, pass, pay, promise, return等；基本句型 五S +V + O + OC（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）特點：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。 判斷原則：能表達成—賓語 是…/做…注：此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關系或主表關系，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。如：He considers himself an expert on the subject.他認為自己是這門學科的專家。We must keep our classroom clean.我們必須保持教室清潔。I had my bike stolen.我的自行車被偷了。We invited him to come to our school.我們邀請他來我們學校。I beg you to keep secret what we talked here.我求你對這里所談的話保密。用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：We think it a good idea to go climb the mountain this Sunday.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 5 Languages Around the World-Reading and Thinking教案
【教材分析】本節(jié)課是高中英語第一冊的最后一個單元的閱讀和思考部分，文章難度明顯增加，體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：文章題材是說明文，比較難理解；話題生疏，涉及到歷史等知識；生詞量增大，而且在語境中理解詞匯的要求提高。面對這些，教師的難度和高度也要有所提升，通過探討說明順序，了解背景知識等幫助他們找到說明文閱讀的方法?！窘虒W目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. 文化意識目標新課程中指出，文化意識是對中外文化的理解和對優(yōu)秀文化的認同。文化意識的的培養(yǎng)有助于學生增加國家認同和家國情懷，成為有文明素養(yǎng)和社會責任感的人。我們這個單元很好體現(xiàn)了這一點，通過了解漢字書寫的體系和發(fā)展，學生可以有一種文化自豪感，同時也能夠幫助學生深入挖掘這篇文章，從而想到更多和中國文化相關的方面。2. 學習能力目標
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about an international youth cultural heritage protection project. More than 20 high school students from seven countries participated in the project. The reporter interviewed two participants Stephanie and Liu Bin. By listening to the text, students can understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and teenagers can use their knowledge, combine their own interests and advantages, etc. to participate in the action of cultural heritage protection. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "Talk about history and culture". The listening text is a dialogue between two tourists and tour guides when they visit the Kremlin, red square and surrounding buildings. The dialogue focuses on the functional items of "starting a conversation", which is used to politely and appropriately attract the attention of the others, so as to smoothly start a conversation or start a new topic. The purpose of this section is to guide students to understand the history and current situation of Chinese and foreign cultural heritage in their own tourism experiences or from other people's tourism experiences, explore the historical and cultural values, and be able to express accurately and appropriately in oral communication.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to participate in cultural heritage protection activities.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I beg your pardon, but…” “Forgive me for asking, but…" and so on to start the conversation more politely and appropriately.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading for Writing教案二
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. This section focuses on "Understanding how a problem was solved”, which is aimed to guide students to analyze and discuss the challenges and problems faced by cultural heritage protection during the construction of Aswan Dam, as well as the solutions. On the basis of understanding, students should pay attention to the key role of international cooperation in solving problems, and attach importance to the balance and coordination between cultural heritage protection and social and economic development. Students are encouraged to face challenges actively, be good at cooperation, and make continuous efforts to find reasonable ways and means to solve problems.2. Enable students to understand the main information and text structure of the reading text;3. Motivate students to use the reading strategy "make a timeline" according to the appropriate text genre;4. Enable students to understand how a problem was solved;5. Enable students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the topic language about protecting cultural relics and understand the narrative characteristics of "time-event" in illustrative style3. Lead students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading For Writing教案
This report is short, concise and has typical news content and language features. The title uses the verb phrases, embodying the characteristics of being concise and general. The introduction is the first two sentences in the first paragraph, describing the general situation of the cultural heritage protection project, including time, place, characters, events and other news elements, so that readers can see the main points of the news report at a glance. The main body is the second and third paragraphs, which report the important historical and cultural value of Mogao Grottoes and the production of Mogao Grottoes Material digital photos, which are of great significance to the inheritance of historical culture and the promotion of international cultural understanding, exchange and cooperation. Direct citation is used in the report, as well as background introduction and other news writing techniques.1. Get students to have a good understanding of some features about a news report by reading the text.2. Instruct students to write a summary about a news report properly using some newly acquired writing skills in this period.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.1. Stimulate students to have a good understanding of how to a summary about a news report 2. Cultivate students to write a news report properly and concisely.Step 1: Lead in Do you think it is necessary for us to circulate our cultural heritage to the world? Why or why not?Do we need to learn more about other countries’ cultural heritage? Why or why not?Step 2: Read to discover details concerning the main body of the news report.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教案
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.” Due to the continuous deterioration of the living environment, a large number of wild animals are always facing the threat of endangered or extinction. Listening and speaking period enables students to understand the fact and reason why wild species are disappearing from the earth at an amazing speed, and realize that human beings ought to enhance the awareness of protecting wild species as soon as possible.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of " how to help wildlife in Ss’ neighborhood.". Now there are many volunteers who spontaneously protect wild animals, carry out various activities according to local conditions, and contribute their own strength to local animal protection with practical actions. Middle school students are also enthusiastic participants. They organize activities in their spare time, and take this opportunity to make friends, broaden their horizons, cultivate team spirit and communication skills. This section describes a bird watching activity organized by several middle school students of Bird watching Club. It aims to stimulate students' interest, improve their understanding of bird watching activities, and use the language structure of “being used for; in order to, so as to, to, so that, in order that ” to express the purpose for communication and discussion.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of using visuals to predict content.2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I am concerned about…” “what do you know about the endangered animals in…" and so on to talk about one of the endangered animals.
