
Step 4: Listen again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1 It was the first time Chen Liyan's story was reported. T口 F口2 Chen found 10,000 yuan in a small plastic bag in Taiyuan railway station口 F口3 Wang Zheng apologized to Chen because he couldn't offer her more money. T口 F口4 Chen took out a large loan to cure her daughter, T口 F口5 Wang set up a fundraising website for Chen's daughter after Chen told him about her situation. T口 F口Step 5:After listening, discuss the questions.1 What kind of person do you think Chen Liyan is?Chen Liyan is generous and honest because she returned a large sum of money to the owner.2 Did Chen return the money because she didn't need it?No. She returned the money because it was the right thing to do. Evidence for this is that she refused to accept the reward money because she felt that it had not been earned. 3 Is it common for people to do what Chen did?It depends on the culture. In some countries it is quite common to return money that has been found. In other countries, people believe "Finders are keepers!" 4 How did Wang Zheng feel about the return of his money?He must have been very happy and relieved to have gotten his money back. We know this because he thanked Chen repeatedly and even offered her a reward.5 Why did Ma Dongbao tell Wang about Chen's family?He must have had great sympathy for Chen and her daughter and wanted to help them.'We know this because he arranged help for them. 6 How did the news reporter feel about Chen's actions?The news reporter felt that it showed that money wasn't the most important thing in life. We know this because the reporter told us that this is what Chen believes. and then said, “that's a great attitude to take."

Everybody wants to get wealth.In today’s material world,making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person’s success and capability. Many people just make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth. With money,they can buy nice, large apartments in nice neighborhood. With money they can own luxurious cars. Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.But is wealth the only road to happiness? Not really. There are many things in the world, which are beyond the means of money, such as friendship, love, health and knowledge. People are so preoccupied with struggling for money that they have no time or would not take the time to form or maintain friendship. What happiness can they feel living as lonely miserable creatures without love or friends in the world even if they accumulate tremendous wealth?In my opinion, people can’t do anything without money, but money is not everything. What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life. If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, money is a good thing to you. With it, you can do much more for the benefit of people and your country, and it will add to your own happiness. If you want money just for your own needs, you’ll never be satisfied or happy. In a word,you should have money spent for more people. Only then can money be the source of your happiness.Step 8 Homework4 students in a group, one acts Roderick, one Oliver, one servant and the fourth one acts Henry Adams, then listen to the tape, pay more attention to the difference between American English and British English in pronunciation, stress, tone.

2. 您能看到, 我頭發(fā)太長了。You can see that my hair is much too long.3. 無論什么時(shí)候, 只要您想回來就回來。Please come back whenever you want.4. 您僅有很少的頭發(fā)要理! You only have too little hair to cut !5. 為您服務(wù)是我的榮幸!It is my honour to serve you!Step 9 Writing(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to have it cut. )H=Henry B=BarberH: Good afternoon, I’d like to have my hair cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry’s hair and continues cutting another man’s hair. ) Er, I’d really like a haircut. As you can see it’s much too long. B: (in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H: Fine, well, I’ll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber’s chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B: It’s quite expensive here, you know! Are you sure you can afford it?H: Yes. I think so. (After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B: Why Mr. . . (looks shocked)H: Adams. Henry Adams. I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. B: Please don’t worry! (wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about! Nothing at all! Please come back whenever you want, even if you only have too little hair to cut! It will be my honour to serve you!Step 10 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Are all the elements of a play included and in good order ?2. Do the character use suitable language ?3. Are the stage directions clear and useful ?4. Is the plot clear and exciting enough ?

【參考范文】Narrator:(Henry is smiling as he leaves the restaurant. As he is walking down the street, he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to get it cut. )H=Henry;B=Barber;R=rude manH:Good afternoon, I'd like to get a cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry's hair and continues cutting another man's hair. )Er, I'd really like a haircut. As you can see it's much too long. B:(in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H:Fine, well I'll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber's chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B:It's quite expensive here, you know!Are you sure you can afford it?H:Yes. I think so. (In comes the rude man. )R:Hey you there. I need a haircut quickly. Can you do me straightaway?B:All right, then, get in the chair and I'll see what I can do. R:Thank you. (sits down in one of the barber's chairs)H:Excuse me, but I was here first. Aren't you going to do my hair first?B:This man's in a hurry. H:Well so am I!I insist that you cut my hair first. B:OK, but I'll have to be quick. This gentleman is waiting. H:Thank you. (They both become quiet. After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B:Why, Mr . . . (looks shocked)H:Adams. Henry Adams. I'm sorry, I don't have any change. R:You're that Mr Adams! Well,I'm glad I waited or I might never have known it was you. B:Why, Mr Adams, please don't worry!(wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about!Nothing at all!Please come back any time, even if you only need too little hairs cut!It will be my honour to serve you!

The theme of the section is “Describe space facts and efforts to explore space”. Infinitives are one of non-finite verbs, as the subjects, objects, predicative, attributes and adverbials. This unit is about space exploration, which is a significant scientific activity, so every scientific activity has strong planning. Therefore, using the infinitives to show its purpose, explanations or restrictions is the best choice.1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English. 1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use use infinitives in oral and writing English.Step 1 Lead in---Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot..(作目的狀語)2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space..(作目的狀語)3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree..(作目的狀語)4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space..(作定語)5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space..(作定語)Summary:1. 不定式的結(jié)構(gòu):to+do原形。2. 分析上面的句子,我們知道在描述太空探索時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不僅可以用來表目的,還可以用來作定語,表修飾。

? Could you offer me some kind of work here?? I don’t want your charity, I just want an honest job.? Careless: I landed in Britain by accident.Step 7:Consolidation.? Find Henry? Roderick and Oliver were I .making a bet when they saw Henry, a poor young man. ? Know Henry? About a month ago, Henry was sailing and later he found himself carried out to sea by a strong wind. Fortunately, he 2.was spotted by a ship. And it was the ship that brought him to 3.England? Offer money to Henry ? Oliver and Roderick gave Henry a letter and told him that there was money in it. They 4.persuaded him to accept it, and made him 5.promise that it wouldn't be opened until 2 o'clock.Step 8:Language pointsa large amount of: a large quantity of; a great deal ofe.g. They bought a large amount of furniture before they moved their new house.make a bet: make an arrangement to risk money, etc. on an event of which the result is doubtful.e.g. We made a bet on the result of the match.permit sb to do something: allow somebody to do somethinge.g. My mother doesn’t permit me to ride in the street after it rained.by accident: as a result of chancee.g. I only found it by accident.stare at: look at somebody or something with the eyes wide open in a fixed gaze( in astonishment, wonder, fear, etc)to be honest: to tell you the truth; to be franke.g. To be honest, I don’t think we have a chance of winning.Step7 Homework:What do you think will happen to Henry? Will the bank-note help him or get him into trouble?

4.They were going to find someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside.[歸納]1.過去將來時(shí)的基本構(gòu)成和用法過去將來時(shí)由“would+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,主要表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(尤其用于賓語從句中),還可以表示過去的動(dòng)作習(xí)慣或傾向。Jeff knew he would be tired the next day.He promised that he would not open the letter until 2 o'clock.She said that she wouldn't do that again.2.表示過去將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)法(1)was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形:該結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個(gè)主要用法,一是表示過去的打算,二是表示在過去看來有跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事。I thought it was going to rain.(2)was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形:主要表示過去按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事情。She said she was to get married next month.(3)was/were about to+動(dòng)詞原形:表示在過去看來即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,由于本身已含有“即將”的意味,所以不再與表示具體的將來時(shí)間狀語連用。I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.(4)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞:表示在過去看來即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,通??捎糜谠摻Y(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞是come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,stop,close,open,die,join,borrow,buy等瞬間動(dòng)詞。Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.

材料四:印度提倡“只生一個(gè)好”——鼓勵(lì)三人小家庭 生男生女都一樣材料五:印度尼西亞《人口發(fā)展與幸福家庭法》材料六:我國基本國策 計(jì)劃生育(小結(jié))通過對以上材料的分析我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論,不同的國家應(yīng)該采取不同的人口政策,對與發(fā)達(dá)國家來說人口增長緩慢,應(yīng)采取鼓勵(lì)生育,吸引移民的措施;發(fā)展中國家人口增長較快,實(shí)行控制人口的政策已經(jīng)迫在眉睫。不論是發(fā)達(dá)國家還是發(fā)展中國家共同的目標(biāo)就是實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境人口和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展?!菊n堂小結(jié)】這節(jié)課我們主要學(xué)習(xí)了人口的自然增長,影響人口自然增長的因素有哪些?(人口的自然增長率和人口的基數(shù))世界人口的數(shù)量在不同的歷史時(shí)期表現(xiàn)出不同的特征,同一歷史時(shí)期的不同地區(qū),人口數(shù)量的增長又有不同的特點(diǎn)。面對不同的人口形勢,各國應(yīng)采取不同的人口政策。

1.促使美國成為一個(gè)移民國家的因素是:①美洲屬于未開發(fā)的新大陸,需要大量的勞動(dòng)力;②歐洲失業(yè)工人和破產(chǎn)農(nóng)民增加,人們?yōu)榱俗非蟾玫慕?jīng)濟(jì)待遇遷往美洲;③新航線的開辟為人們順利遷移掃除了障礙;④殖民擴(kuò)張是人口遷移的促進(jìn)因素,加快了人口遷移的過程。導(dǎo)致美國人口在本土范圍內(nèi)頻繁遷移的原因,歸納起來有:第一次人口遷移是戰(zhàn)爭因素,第二次是城市化;第三次是自然環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的變化;第四次是經(jīng)濟(jì)格局的變化,即西部和南部新資源的發(fā)現(xiàn)和新興工業(yè)的發(fā)展。2.我國古代的人口遷移,深受統(tǒng)治者及其行政力量的束縛。封建帝王為了加強(qiáng)本國的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事實(shí)力,對人口遷移嚴(yán)加控制。只有當(dāng)戰(zhàn)亂發(fā)生的時(shí)候,這種控制才得到削弱,人們?yōu)榱硕惚軕?zhàn)亂,尋找安定的生活環(huán)境,不得不進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的遷移。我國近幾十年的人口遷移主要是由生產(chǎn)資料和勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量上的地區(qū)分布不平衡造成的,是經(jīng)濟(jì)因素在起主導(dǎo)作用,與古代的人口遷移截然不同。

有的學(xué)者還指出,要堅(jiān)持集體主義還必須將集體主義的價(jià)值精神與社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求結(jié)合起來,批判地繼承計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代倡導(dǎo)的集體主義,合理地對其進(jìn)行體系結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和內(nèi)容的更新,形成新的集體主義。與傳統(tǒng)的集體主義相比,這種新的集體主義應(yīng)具有如下兩個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)。其一,強(qiáng)調(diào)集體的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是為了維護(hù)集體成員的正當(dāng)個(gè)人利益。傳統(tǒng)的集體主義具有片面強(qiáng)調(diào)集體至上性、絕對性的弊端;新的集體主義必須依據(jù)社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)要求,將集體應(yīng)當(dāng)對個(gè)人承擔(dān)的義務(wù)加以科學(xué)的闡釋。真正的集體應(yīng)該維護(hù)各個(gè)集體成員的個(gè)人利益,實(shí)現(xiàn)組成集體的各個(gè)主體的自我價(jià)值。這種新型的集體主義是對社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下社會(huì)關(guān)系的真實(shí)反映,既與個(gè)人主義有本質(zhì)區(qū)別,也不同于傳統(tǒng)的集體主義。其二,要體現(xiàn)道德要求的先進(jìn)性與廣泛性的統(tǒng)一。

生:環(huán)境承載力是指環(huán)境能持續(xù)供養(yǎng)的人口數(shù)量。師:對了。但是有同學(xué)仍然會(huì)感到這是一個(gè)很抽象的概念。下面我們具體來了解什么是環(huán)境承載力。我們可以從兩個(gè)部分去理解:一、環(huán)境,它主要是指環(huán)境的單個(gè)要素(如:土地、水、氣候、植被等。)及其組合方式。二、是承載力,它指在特定的條件下,具體某事物能承受的某種活動(dòng)的最大值。那環(huán)境承載力的科學(xué)定義是怎樣表達(dá)的呢?生:環(huán)境承載力是指某一時(shí)期,某種狀態(tài)條件下,某地區(qū)環(huán)境所能承受的人類活動(dòng)作用的閾值。師:很對。 我們可以用一個(gè)生動(dòng)的例子來說明。一只木桶里面的水的多少在底面積固定不變的情況下是由哪塊木板來決定?生:最短的那塊。師:確實(shí)如此。這就是我們平常所講的 “木桶效應(yīng)”。那影響環(huán)境承載力的大小也是由環(huán)境個(gè)要素里面最緊缺的那個(gè)要素來決定的。下面我們用一個(gè)例子來印證一下。

思考:洗衣機(jī)脫水時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速高時(shí)容易甩干衣物,還是轉(zhuǎn)速低時(shí)容易甩干衣物?(2) 制作棉花糖的原理內(nèi)筒與洗衣機(jī)的脫水筒相似,里面加入白砂糖,加熱使糖熔化成糖汁。內(nèi)筒高速旋轉(zhuǎn),黏稠的糖汁就做離心運(yùn)動(dòng),從內(nèi)筒壁的小孔飛散出去,成為絲狀到達(dá)溫度較低的外筒,并迅速冷卻凝固,變得纖細(xì)雪白,像一團(tuán)團(tuán)棉花。5.離心現(xiàn)象的防止在水平公路上行駛的汽車,轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)所需的向心力是由車輪與路面的靜摩擦力提供的。如果轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)速度過大,所需向心力F大于最大靜摩擦力Fmax,汽車將做離心運(yùn)動(dòng)而造成交通事故。因此,在公路彎道處,車輛行駛不允許超過規(guī)定的速度。當(dāng)高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的砂輪或者飛輪內(nèi)部分子間相互作用力不足以提供所需向心力時(shí),離心運(yùn)動(dòng)就會(huì)使他們破裂,甚至釀成事故。

A生產(chǎn)方式是人類社會(huì)存在和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)人要生存必須有吃、穿、住、用等物質(zhì)生活資料,只有生存問題解決了才能談得上社會(huì)的存在和發(fā)展,才能從事其他的活動(dòng)(教育、藝術(shù)、體育、政治)。而要獲得物質(zhì)生活資料,必須從事物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)。在這一活動(dòng)中,形成了現(xiàn)實(shí)的生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系,即生產(chǎn)方式?!舅枷虢逃柯浜蟊厝话ご?,我國大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì),就是為了發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。發(fā)展是硬道理,中國解決一切問題的關(guān)鍵在與自己的發(fā)展。要積極支持改革開放,積極投身于經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中去?,F(xiàn)在學(xué)好知識(shí)將來教育育人,為社會(huì)培養(yǎng)更多的合格人才。B生產(chǎn)方式?jīng)Q定著社會(huì)的性質(zhì)和面貌社會(huì)生活紛繁復(fù)雜,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活、政治生活、精神生活、婚姻家庭生活等許多方面。這些方面都受生產(chǎn)方式的制約,有什么樣的生產(chǎn)方式,就有什么樣的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu);不同的生產(chǎn)方式,表現(xiàn)為不同性質(zhì)的社會(huì)形態(tài)。社會(huì)的整個(gè)面貌只能從生產(chǎn)方式中得到科學(xué)的說明?!九e例】家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制的產(chǎn)生與推廣1958年的人民公社化運(yùn)用曾使中國農(nóng)民在勞動(dòng)和分配上都實(shí)行絕對的平均主義,大鍋飯的結(jié)果是飯?jiān)匠栽缴伲嗽竭^越窮。

a矛盾的同一性是矛盾雙方相互吸引、相互聯(lián)結(jié)的屬性和趨勢。它有兩方面的含義:一是矛盾雙方相互依賴,一方的存在以另一方的存在為前提,雙方共處于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體中;同一事物都有對立面和統(tǒng)一面兩個(gè)方面,一方的存在以另一方為條件,彼此誰都離不開誰(形影想隨、一個(gè)巴掌拍不響、不是冤家不聚頭)?!九e例】P67漫畫:他敢剪嗎?懸掛在山崖上的兩個(gè)人構(gòu)成一種動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡?!九e例】磁鐵(S極和N極);沒有上就沒有下、沒有香就沒有臭、沒有福就無所謂禍;【舉例】父子關(guān)系(父親之所以是父親,因?yàn)橛袃鹤樱瑑鹤又允莾鹤?,因?yàn)橛懈赣H);師生關(guān)系;二是矛盾雙方相互貫通,即相互滲透、相互包含,在一定條件下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化。 【相關(guān)銜接】P68生物變性現(xiàn)象,雌雄轉(zhuǎn)化現(xiàn)象【舉例】生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)具有直接統(tǒng)一性

1973年4月的一天,一名男子站在紐約的街頭,掏出一個(gè)約有兩塊磚頭大的無線電話,并開始通話。這個(gè)人就是手機(jī)的發(fā)明者馬丁,當(dāng)時(shí)他是摩托羅拉公司的工程技術(shù)人員。這是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上第一部移動(dòng)電話。1985年,第一臺(tái)現(xiàn)代意義上的可以商用的移動(dòng)電話誕生。它是將電源和天線放置在一個(gè)盒子里,重量達(dá)3公斤。與現(xiàn)代形狀接近的手機(jī)誕生于1987年,其重量大約750克,與今天僅重60克的手機(jī)相比,像一塊大磚頭。此后,手機(jī)的“瘦身”越來越迅速。1991年,手機(jī)重量為250克左右。1996年秋,r出現(xiàn)了體積為100立方厘米、重量100克的手機(jī)。此后,又進(jìn)一步小型化,輕型化,到1999年就輕到了60克以下。手機(jī)的體積越來越小,但功能卻越來越多。以前的手機(jī)是用來通話的,現(xiàn)在的手機(jī)是用來享受的。今天,手機(jī)可以是相機(jī)、游戲機(jī)、音樂播放器、信用卡、電影院……手機(jī)帶來的不僅僅是通信方式的改變,更是生活方式的變革。

不可知論是否認(rèn)人們認(rèn)識(shí)世界或徹底改造世界的可能性的哲學(xué)學(xué)說。此概念首先由英國的赫胥黎(1825—1895)于1869年提出,不可知論的思想在古代就已產(chǎn)生,歐洲近代的主要代表是休謨和康德。其本質(zhì)是把人的感覺看作是主觀和客觀之間的屏障而不是橋梁,不承認(rèn)在感覺之外有確實(shí)可靠的客觀外部世界的存在,不懂得認(rèn)識(shí)過程中本質(zhì)與現(xiàn)象、有限與無限的辯證關(guān)系。對不可知論最有力的駁斥是實(shí)踐。有時(shí)不可知論一詞也用以專指針對宗教教義而提出的一種學(xué)說,認(rèn)為上帝是否存在、靈魂是否不朽是不可知的。2.二元論二元論是認(rèn)為世界有兩個(gè)本原的哲學(xué)學(xué)說,與一元論相對立,它把物質(zhì)和意識(shí)絕對對立起來,認(rèn)為物質(zhì)和意識(shí)是兩個(gè)各自獨(dú)立、相互平行發(fā)展著的實(shí)體,誰也不產(chǎn)生誰,誰也不決定誰,都是世界的本原。它的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的:它肯定精神不依賴于物質(zhì)而獨(dú)立存在,這本身就是唯心主義的觀點(diǎn);它雖然承認(rèn)物質(zhì)是獨(dú)立的本原,但在說明物質(zhì)和精神的關(guān)系時(shí),又把精神說成是唯一具有能動(dòng)性的力量,必然倒向唯心主義。主要代表人物是法國的笛卡兒和德國的康德。

探究活動(dòng)8(教材第72頁):“結(jié)合生活事例,談?wù)勀阍诿鎸?fù)雜事物時(shí)是如何分析和解決矛盾的?”這一探究活動(dòng)是在學(xué)生還不了解主次矛盾的原理時(shí),讓他們回憶自己在生活中有沒有遇到過面對許多矛盾時(shí)是如何解決的經(jīng)歷。比如,每天面對很多作業(yè),先做哪門課作業(yè)后做哪門作業(yè),你是如何考慮的?在學(xué)校面對學(xué)習(xí)、體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會(huì)工作,你是怎么安排的?在生活中,你遇到這樣的情況都是怎樣解決的?通過探究活動(dòng),使學(xué)生弄清主次矛盾的原理,學(xué)會(huì)用矛盾分析法分析問題。探究活動(dòng)9(教材第73頁):“你在生活中是如何分析具體問題的?”這一探究活動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“你”在生活中是如何運(yùn)用分析法分析具體問題的,要緊緊圍繞學(xué)生這一中心,首先強(qiáng)調(diào)具體問題具體分析的方法非常重要,這是馬克思主義的一個(gè)原則,是馬克思主義的活的靈魂。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)運(yùn)用這種分析方法分析看待自己,分析看待社會(huì)??梢越M織學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論、交流,還可以讓學(xué)生撰寫小論文,寫出自己運(yùn)用這種分析方法分析了哪些具體問題,有哪些感受。

2.能力目標(biāo)(1)通過本課的學(xué)習(xí),要求著重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生全面地、聯(lián)系地看問題和分析問題的能力;培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力,以及運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析、處理和解決實(shí)際問題的能力。(2)使學(xué)生初步具有從錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系中認(rèn)識(shí)和發(fā)現(xiàn)事物本質(zhì)的、固有的、內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系的能力,初步學(xué)會(huì)用全面的、聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)看問題的能力。(3)使學(xué)生初步具有堅(jiān)持和把握整體與部分辯證關(guān)系的能力,初步具有運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的方法安排自己學(xué)習(xí)和生活的能力。在處理問題時(shí),既要看到整體與部分之間的聯(lián)系又要看到它們的區(qū)別,掌握系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的方法,學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用綜合性的思維方式認(rèn)識(shí)事物和處理生活、學(xué)習(xí)和工作中的問題。3.情感、態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀目標(biāo)(1)樹立唯物辯證法的聯(lián)系觀,自覺抵制形而上學(xué)的靜止觀。堅(jiān)持用聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)看問題,自覺維護(hù)人類生存的環(huán)境,確信一切以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和條件為轉(zhuǎn)移,是我們正確認(rèn)識(shí)和把握事物、在認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的活動(dòng)中不斷取得成功的關(guān)鍵。

此探究活動(dòng)的目的是為了說明馬克思主義哲學(xué)是科學(xué)完整的體系。在探究活動(dòng)時(shí)可以首先向?qū)W生簡單介紹西方哲學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史,使學(xué)生對馬克思主義哲學(xué)在整個(gè)西方哲學(xué)中的位置和地位有個(gè)大致了解。離開了這個(gè)大的背景,學(xué)生對馬克思主義哲學(xué)就容易摸不著頭緒。馬克思主義哲學(xué)之前的唯物主義的局限性表現(xiàn)在:古代樸素的帶有辯證法性質(zhì)的唯物主義主要是追問世界的本原問題,這時(shí)的哲學(xué)缺乏近代科學(xué)作為基礎(chǔ),因此它更多的是一種猜測。它雖然看到了世界的聯(lián)系和變化,但它還無法理解聯(lián)系和變化背后的基礎(chǔ)和原因。近代形而上學(xué)的唯物主義主要是追問人的認(rèn)識(shí)問題,即人的認(rèn)識(shí)的來源是什么,是什么保證人的認(rèn)識(shí)的可靠性。但它對人的認(rèn)識(shí)問題的解決主要是立足于對世界的一種直觀觀察,認(rèn)為人的認(rèn)識(shí)來源于對世界的直觀的、機(jī)械的反映。它不理解人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng),不理解人是在改造世界的過程中認(rèn)識(shí)世界,人的認(rèn)識(shí)是在實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)上的能動(dòng)反映。

2.辯證的否定(1)辯證的否定是事物的自我否定。事物內(nèi)部存在著肯定方面和否定方面,它們既對立又統(tǒng)一。最初,肯定方面處于支配地位,否定方面處于被支配地位。在這種情況下,事物就被肯定著。但是,在矛盾雙方的斗爭中,否定方面總會(huì)由弱變強(qiáng)。一旦否定方面由被支配地位上升為支配地位,事物就轉(zhuǎn)化到了自己的對立面,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對事物的否定。事物最終之所以被否定,根源在于事物的內(nèi)部,是事物內(nèi)部的否定因素戰(zhàn)勝了肯定因素。因此,事物的否定是自我否定。(2)辯證的否定是事物發(fā)展的環(huán)節(jié)和聯(lián)系的環(huán)節(jié)。所謂發(fā)展,是指新事物的產(chǎn)生和舊事物的滅亡。而實(shí)現(xiàn)這一過程必須要對舊事物進(jìn)行否定,否定實(shí)現(xiàn)了事物由舊質(zhì)向新質(zhì)的飛躍。新事物在否定舊事物時(shí),并不是把舊事物全盤拋棄,一筆勾銷。舊事物是新事物的母體,新事物從舊事物那里脫胎而來,新事物是在批判地繼承舊事物中的一切積極的有生命力的因素的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。這樣,在新舊事物之間就存在著必然的聯(lián)系。
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