
法律手段:制定和運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī),包括經(jīng)濟(jì)立法、經(jīng)濟(jì)司法活動等行政手段:采取強(qiáng)制性的行政命令、指示、規(guī)定等運(yùn)用舉例:我國一些地區(qū)遭遇突如其來的“禽流感”,禽類養(yǎng)殖戶損失慘重。國家采取了對疫區(qū)封鎖,對疫區(qū)的養(yǎng)殖戶進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)貼,以及國家出資統(tǒng)一對疫區(qū)進(jìn)行消毒等措施進(jìn)行防治,并規(guī)定任何人不得將家禽帶出疫區(qū),違者追究法律責(zé)任。請結(jié)合材料說明在防治“禽流感”、發(fā)展禽類養(yǎng)殖的過程中,我國政府分別采取了哪些措施教師分析:對疫區(qū)養(yǎng)殖戶進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)貼體現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)手段;對違反規(guī)定者追究法律責(zé)任,體現(xiàn)法律手段;對疫區(qū)進(jìn)行封鎖體現(xiàn)行政手段。(四)反思總結(jié),當(dāng)堂檢測。教師組織學(xué)生反思本節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容(參照板書),進(jìn)行總結(jié)。設(shè)計意圖:對本節(jié)課的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行小結(jié),學(xué)生的概括過程也是檢驗學(xué)生對本節(jié)課理解程度的過程。再次明確學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,并能夠發(fā)現(xiàn),問題解決問題。

(形容詞短語most beautiful的構(gòu)成形式為:副詞+形容詞,該短語在句中作定語修飾名詞bird)④A good friend is someone who makes you really happy.好朋友就是能讓你真正高興的人。(形容詞短語really happy的構(gòu)成形式為:副詞+形容詞,該短語在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語)[即學(xué)即練]畫出下例句中的形容詞短語并指明構(gòu)成形式如:It is less cold today than it was yesterday.構(gòu)成形式: 副詞+形容詞(1)Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.(2)The road is long enough.(3)The medicine is good for stomach.三、副詞短語(Adverb Phrases)副詞短語:指以一個副詞為中心構(gòu)成的短語,在句中的功能相當(dāng)于副詞,可以修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。常見副詞短語的構(gòu)成形式有:(副詞)+副詞如: much more beautifully①He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在這里工作。(副詞短語here yesterday修飾動詞did)②Bill did the work very well.比爾做的這份工作很好。副詞短語very well修飾動詞did③We are all entirely responsible for our action(副詞短語all entirely, 修飾形容詞短語responsible for)

【教材分析】The topic of this unit is about teenage life, which belongs to the theme context of “humans and oneself”.As teenagers who shoulder the responsibility of “Chinese great dream”, they must fully know themselves, including their strengths, weaknesses and challenges etc. They are supposed to improve themselves continuously and readily study their subjects, and thus foster their strategies and confidence in lifelong studies.This period is entitled the freshmen challenges, which mainly concerns some big challenges for new students in Senior high school. In this period, a teacher should lead students to find out what their challenges are and guide them to figure out how to crack the challenges and better themselves. More importantly, a teacher should instruct students to absorb new language points and appreciate the language. Besides, a teacher must instruct students to acquire some skills concerning reading efficiently and inspire them to talk more about their new school life, especially their new problems and solutions both at school and in life.【教學(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Enable students to acquire the basic usage of the new words and expressions concerning the freshmen challenges and learn to use them flexibly.2. Enable students to have a good understanding of the freshmen challenges in the new senior high school which is quite different from junior middle school.3. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning and individual thinking capability. 4. Develop students’ different learning skills to solve different reading comprehensive problems.

【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with reading for writing a letter of advice. Students are expected to learn the knowledge about how to write a suggestion letter. The teacher is expected to enable students to master some writing skills concerning suggestion letters and learn to write one.【教學(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Get students to have a good understanding of how to write a suggestion letter properly.2. Enable students to use some writing skills flexibly.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.【教學(xué)重難點】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the skills of writing a suggestion letter2.How to enable students to write a good recommendation letter using some writing skills properly.【教學(xué)過程】Step 1: Lead in Begin the class with the lead-in questions: how to write a letter for advice? What kinds of aspects should be included? It is strongly recommended that the teacher should ask students to discuss the topic freely with their partners and brainstorm some ideas concerning the topic. In this way, students can come up with more ideas and avoid being nervous at the beginning of the class.Step 2: Read to discover details concerning advice letters’ writing style.The teacher is expected to ask students to read a letter offering some advice on page 18 silently and then request students to discuss the questions below.

從質(zhì)量、體積、平均密度、公轉(zhuǎn)與自轉(zhuǎn)周期等各方面,地球沒有一項是最大值或最小值,這說明地球僅僅是太陽系中一顆最普通不過的一顆行星。2、地球又是一顆特殊的行星。問題 :為什么?因為地球是目前我們已知的唯一存在生物,特點是存在高級智慧生物的天體。問題:為什么地球上會存在生命?原因:(1)地球所處的宇宙環(huán)境來說:地球處于一種相對安全的宇宙環(huán)境。例:A、九大行星公轉(zhuǎn)的同向性、同面 性、及公 轉(zhuǎn)軌道的近圓性。B 太陽光照條件的穩(wěn)定性。從地球產(chǎn)生到地球上有生物,幾十億年期間,太陽 沒有明顯的變化,地球所處的光照條件一直較穩(wěn)定,生命演化沒有中斷。(2)地球自身的物質(zhì)條件:例:A 日地距離適中,形成了適宜的溫度:日地距離適中,地球表面平均溫度15度,適合生物的生存。(擴(kuò)展:地球自轉(zhuǎn)速度適中,大氣層的保溫效應(yīng))B 地球質(zhì)量與體積適中,使地球有了適合的大氣條件。C 原始海洋的形成 :使 生命的出現(xiàn)成為可能。

1.薩赫勒地區(qū)位于撤哈拉沙漠的南緣。請根據(jù)下面的圖文資料,并聯(lián)系已學(xué)知識,分析薩赫勒地區(qū)的氣候等自然特征,并說明荒漠化的潛在自然因素。點撥:資料表明薩林勒地區(qū)正處于干旱與半干旱、熱帶沙漠與熱帶草原的過渡地帶;津德爾是其中有代表性的居民點,其月均溫都在22℃以上,甚至達(dá)到33℃,可想而知其蒸發(fā)量是巨大的。在降水方面,這里的年降水量不足500毫米,且基本集中在夏季,特別是7、8兩個月。以其有限的而且特別集中的降水狀況與其全年的高溫、高蒸發(fā)量相比,確實是個容易產(chǎn)生環(huán)境問題的敏感地區(qū)。客觀上,這里就潛在著荒漠化的自然因素,這是本地區(qū)的地理位置和當(dāng)?shù)氐乃疅釛l件所決定的。2.氣候的嚴(yán)酷性決定了薩赫勒地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以自給性質(zhì)的游牧業(yè)為主。20世紀(jì)以來,隨著沿岸國家人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展及本區(qū)交通條件的改善,這里的傳統(tǒng)游牧經(jīng)濟(jì)向商品性的定居牧業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化。

巴金在十年浩劫中的大致經(jīng)歷:放棄包弟并沒有換得保全一家人,1968年8月,巴金被關(guān)進(jìn)牛棚改造,隨后經(jīng)受了大字報、掛牌游街等形式的批斗。1970年,到農(nóng)村改造,掏大糞、喂豬、背稻草、種地……1972年,妻子蕭珊在飽受精神折磨后患上癌癥,病逝。巴金的兒子在勞動改造的過程中也飽受精神和肉體上的折磨,性格變得內(nèi)向抑郁,疾病纏身。此時,巴金69歲。巴金曾在《病中》一文寫道:“當(dāng)姚文元拿著棒子的時候,我給關(guān)在牛棚里除了唯唯諾諾之外,敢于做過什么事情?十年間我不過是一條含著眼淚等人宰割的牛。”小結(jié):(幻燈片12)社會是病態(tài)的社會,政治是高壓的政治,人性是扭曲的人性。十年文革,十年浩劫,給多少人留下了累累不可彌合的精神創(chuàng)傷。即使一條小狗,也可能擺脫不了“文革”無情的迫害,比如包弟,比如藝術(shù)家鄰居的小狗。

Is there a clear purpose for the trip? :Does each paragraph have a clear main idea? Does the writer use the present continuous tense for future plans?Does the writer use commas, stops, and question marks correctly? Are all the words spelt correctly?Are all the proper nouns capitalized?Revise your draft according to your partner's comments.Step 5:The summary of how to write a travel plan.旅游計劃是一種常見的應(yīng)用文寫作。旅游可分為觀光游、文化游、美食游及探險游等不同類型,因此旅游計劃也要根據(jù)不同的旅游目的進(jìn)行設(shè)計。常規(guī)的旅游計劃需要明確以下幾個方面的問題:Travel planWhen will you leave for? Where is your the destination?How will you get there?What will you do there?How long will you there?Is there a clear purpose for the trip? 為了提升旅行計劃的層級,還需注意以下幾個方面的問題:1.每段是否有明確清晰的主題;2.用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時;3.用更高級的形容詞詞匯。例如:表達(dá)“好”時,不要總用“nice”,我們還可以用“smart, clean, excellent, exciting, beautiful, wonderful, clever, famous, grand”等表達(dá)更具有指向性的詞匯;4.用更高級的動詞詞匯。比如:我們可以用“seem stand, lie .get stay, remain, look . sound, become . keep, grow”等代替"be";

師:很好。由于存在地球大氣圈、地球水圈和地表的礦物,在地球上這個合適的溫度條件下,形成了適合于生物生存的自然環(huán)境。人們通常所說的生物,是指有生命的物體,包括植物、動物和微生物。據(jù)估計,現(xiàn)有生存的植物約有40萬種,動物約有110多萬種,微生物至少有10多萬種。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在地質(zhì)歷史上曾生存過的生物約有5億~10億種之多,然而,在地球漫長的演化過程中,絕大部分都已經(jīng)滅絕了?,F(xiàn)存的生物生活在巖石圈的上層部分、大氣圈的下層部分和水圈的全部,構(gòu)成了地球上一個獨特的圈層,稱為生物圈。生物圈是太陽系所有行星中僅在地球上存在的一個獨特圈層。課堂小結(jié):地球所有的外部圈層是相互滲透、相互影響,甚至相互重疊的,在太陽和人類生活的參與下,整個地球生機(jī)盎然;同時,它們起著保護(hù)地球的作用,可以減弱太陽和宇宙輻射對地表的影響,減少宇宙中的隕石對地球表面的撞擊。外部各圈中的物質(zhì)運(yùn)動和循環(huán),是促使地表物質(zhì)和形態(tài)演變的重要動力。

一、教材內(nèi)容經(jīng)全國中小學(xué)教材審定委員會2004年初審查通過,人教育出版社出版的普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗教科書《物理必修①》,第三章第5節(jié)內(nèi)容“力的分解”。二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)1.知識與技能(1)理解分力的概念,理解力的分解是力的合成的逆運(yùn)算,遵循平行四邊形定則。(2)初步掌握一般情況下力的分解要根據(jù)實際需要來確定分力的方向。(3)會用作圖法和直角三角形的知識求分力。(4)能區(qū)別矢量和標(biāo)量,知道三角形定則,了解三角形定則與平行四邊形定則的實質(zhì)是一樣的。2.過程與方法(1)進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)會“等效替代”的思想方法。(2)通過探究嘗試發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、探索問題、解決問題能力。(3)掌握應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)知識解決物理問題的能力。3.情感態(tài)度與價值觀(1)通過猜測與探究享受成功的快樂。(2)感受物理就在身邊,有將物理知識應(yīng)用于生活和生產(chǎn)實驗的意識。三、教學(xué)重點、難點在具體問題中如何根據(jù)力的實際作用效果和平行四邊形定則進(jìn)行力的分解。

知識和技能 1、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生繪制氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶分布示意圖,從中分析大氣運(yùn)動的規(guī)律性,并培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生繪制原理形成示意圖的地理技能。2、運(yùn)用海陸熱力差異原理進(jìn)行解釋,加強(qiáng)學(xué) 生對半球冬夏季氣壓中心的形成和分布的理解解。3、使學(xué)生理解氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶對氣候的影響。過程與方法 1、通過三圈環(huán)流模擬演示,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的空間思維能力。2、通過對海陸分布對大氣環(huán)流影響的兩圖示的對比分析,讓學(xué)生讀圖思考?xì)鈮簬?、風(fēng)帶的分布規(guī)律和原因。3、利用成因分析法引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶對氣候的影響機(jī)制。情感、態(tài)度與價值觀1、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生辯證唯物主義觀。2、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生理論聯(lián)系實際的能力。教學(xué)重點1、氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶的分布。2、北半球氣壓中心冬夏分布及對氣候的影響。3、氣壓帶和風(fēng)帶對氣候的影響。

第7~10段,我們?nèi)〉昧顺醪降某删?。先寫毛澤東主席的號召,激勵無數(shù)的航天人去實現(xiàn)千年夢想;接著寫我們的計劃,上天畢竟是一件天大的事情,不是誰一句話就能吹上去的,需要有周密的計劃,這計劃的第一步是研制火箭,成功了,而從毛主席發(fā)出號召開始到火箭成功發(fā)射才用了1年零9個月;又用了不到10年的時間中國的第一顆人造衛(wèi)星又上了天,“宣告中國進(jìn)入了航天時代”。由號召,到計劃,到成功,一步一步寫來,緊張的任務(wù),緊湊的文章,娓娓道來,條理清晰。第11~13段,人造衛(wèi)星上天了,下一步就是載人飛天,圓千年夢想。我們也做了大量的準(zhǔn)備工作,一是航天材料、食品等的準(zhǔn)備,一是航天員的準(zhǔn)備,已經(jīng)挑選了19位優(yōu)秀的飛行員,他們是航天員的預(yù)備軍??磥韺崿F(xiàn)中國人的航天夢已為時不遠(yuǎn)了??墒窃诳茖W(xué)上是沒有坦途的,由于多方面的原因,計劃擱淺了,我們的飛天夢想“只能塵封在一張張構(gòu)思草圖中”,這是多么遺憾的事?。?/p>

劉邦:先看劉邦對項伯的表白(此話也是有意讓項伯轉(zhuǎn)述給項羽聽的):“秋毫不敢有所近”——說“不敢”而不說“不曾”,多么恭順!“籍吏民,封府庫,而待將軍”——“待”,多么虔誠!“日夜望將軍至”——說“望”而不說“等”,多么迫切!再看劉邦的卑詞“謝罪”:他言必稱“將軍”,說自己與項羽“戮力而攻秦”,是戰(zhàn)友而非敵人;將“先入關(guān)破秦”說成是不自意,以表自己的力量不如項羽;把“得復(fù)見將軍于此”當(dāng)作是自己莫大的榮幸以滿足項羽的虛榮心;最后,他還把項羽的憤怒歸咎于“小人”的挑撥,為項羽推卸責(zé)任,及時給項羽一個臺階下。小結(jié):項羽:沽名釣譽(yù)、輕敵自大、寡謀輕信、不善用人、剛愎自用、優(yōu)柔寡斷的一介武夫。劉邦:狡詐多謀、遇事果斷、臨危不懼、能屈能伸、善于用人。

教學(xué)過程:一、交流誦讀課文技巧?!?jié)奏、韻腳、感情……(5分鐘)二、再讀確定自己的學(xué)習(xí)主題(15分)1、主題提示:音樂美、繪畫美、建筑美簡介詩歌“三美”追求聞一多先生是我國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上集詩人、學(xué)者和斗士于一身的重要詩人。他不但致力于新詩藝術(shù)美的探索,提出了音樂美、繪畫美、建筑美的詩歌\"三美\"的新格律詩理論主張,還努力進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作實踐,寫出了許多精美詩篇。他的新格律詩理論被后人稱為現(xiàn)代詩學(xué)的奠基石,影響深遠(yuǎn)?!对姷母衤伞肥锹勔欢嘞壬盗性娬撝凶钪匾囊黄T谶@篇論文中,他系統(tǒng)的提出\"詩的實力不獨包括音樂的美(音節(jié))、繪畫的美(詞藻),并且還有建筑的美(節(jié)的勻稱和句的均齊)。\"這一關(guān)于新詩\"三美\"主張遂成為新格律詩派的理論綱領(lǐng)。

(5)be to do (可以和具體的時間狀語連用)①表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作。②用于時間、條件狀語從句中,表示“如果要……,想要……”。The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)校大門口集會。 If you are to succeed, you must work as hard as possible. 如果你想要成功,比必須努力工作。(6)be about to do (不與具體的時間狀語連用) 表示即將要發(fā)生的動作。We are about to start. 我們就要出發(fā)了。The new school year is about to begin. 新學(xué)年開學(xué)在即。(7)一般現(xiàn)在時表將來①表示按時間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動作。常限于表示位置移動的短暫性動詞。②在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20. 你看看時刻表,快點!4026次航班的起飛時間是下午6點20分。Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour. 簡很匆忙,因為去機(jī)場的火車半小時后出發(fā)。

2. Sort out detailed information about Michael Jordan.(1) Understand the transitional sentence.Q: Which part is about Michael Jordan as a master? Which part is about the example he set?(2) Have the Ss Focus on why Michael Jordan is a master and what good examples Michael Jordan set when they’re reading. And think about these questions as below:Q1: How does the author describe his impressive skills?Q2: How do you understand “time seemed to stand still”?Q3: What does “graceful” mean?Q4. Which sentence do you think best describes his mental strength?Q5. Which words is important in the sentence in describing his mental strength? Why?Q6: How do you understand “unique”?Q7: What can we learn from Michael Jordan?Step 5 Discussing and recommendingRecommend their own living legends of sports.Work in groups to choose your own living legend of sports and give the reasons of your choice. Step 6 HomeworkReview the stories of Lang Ping and Michael Jordan, and try to retell them.

II Learn the technical terms-2.1. What can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and objective complement” in a sentence?2. What can be used as “adverbial” in a sentence?3. What can be used as “verb” in a sentence?Answers to questions 1-3:1. Nouns, pronouns and appellations can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and Objective Complement”. Besides, adjectives can be used as “Predicative and Objective Complement” in a sentence.2. Adverbs and prepositional phrases can be used as “Adverbial”.3. Verbs with actual meaning can be used as “Verb” in a sentence. Auxiliary verbs alone cannot be used as “Verb” in a sentence.III Learn to recognize the sentence structures.1. SV structure. For Example:(1) A bird flies.S V(2) A monkey jumps.S V(3) A fish swims.S V√ In SV structures, verbs are “intransitive verbs”.2. SVO structure. For Example:(1) A sheep eats grass.S V O(2) They like bananas.S V O(3) He wants candy.S V O√ In SVO structures, verbs are “transitive verbs”.3. SP structure. For Example:(1) This is great.S P (2) He looks well.S P (3) She became a teacher.S P √ In SP structures, Predicatives are formed by “l(fā)ink verbs” and “adjectives or nouns”.√ link verbs: be, become, grow, look, feel, taste, etc.4. SV IO DO structure. For Example:(1) He asked me a question.S V IO DO(2) Danny wrote me a letter.S V IO DO(3) Billy brought Sam a kite.S V IO DO√ In SV IO DO structures, the verbs are transitive and are followed by two objectives – pronouns or nouns as Indirect Objective, and nouns as Direct Objectives.

5. Read to get detailed information about Paragraph 5.Q1. What shows the revival of Tangshan?Q2. How can Tangshan revive itself and get up on its feet again?Q3. In times of disasters, how can we go through it?T: In times of disasters, we should unify, show the wisdom and stay positive.Step 4 Activity 4 Highlighting the theme and reflecting1. Make a summary of the text.2. Further understand the titleQ: After our learning, why do you think the earth didn’t sleep on that night?T: An earthquake happened. The people in the earthquake suffered a lot, and the people outside Tangshan were concerned about the people there a lot.3. Reflect through discussion on what can be learnt after reading.T: Disasters are powerful. Unpreparedness can be deadly. Life is weak, but if people work together to help each other, disasters can be defeated.There is no love from disaster, but we have love in the human heart.Step 5 Assignment How does the writer convey that the earthquake was deadly, and that people were helpless during the earthquake? Try to find some attractive and impressive expressions and note them down.

常跟雙賓語的動詞有:(需借助to的)bring, ask, hand, offer, give, lend, send, show, teach, tell, write, pass, pay, promise, return等;基本句型 五S +V + O + OC(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))特點:動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語,才能使意思完整。 判斷原則:能表達(dá)成—賓語 是…/做…注:此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系,若無賓語補(bǔ)足語,則句意不夠完整。可以用做賓補(bǔ)的有:名詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語,動詞不定式,分詞等。如:He considers himself an expert on the subject.他認(rèn)為自己是這門學(xué)科的專家。We must keep our classroom clean.我們必須保持教室清潔。I had my bike stolen.我的自行車被偷了。We invited him to come to our school.我們邀請他來我們學(xué)校。I beg you to keep secret what we talked here.我求你對這里所談的話保密。用it做形式賓語,而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面,以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即:主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如:We think it a good idea to go climb the mountain this Sunday.

This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
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